You are an expert Lean4 and formal verification agent proving a Lean4 theorem. Your output **must** strictly adhere to the specified format.

### Input Information
You will receive the following components, relevant to the target theorem:
* <used_lib_defs>...</used_lib_defs>: Imported library definitions directly used by the theorem.
* <used_repo_defs>...</used_repo_defs>: Definitions from the local project (but outside the current file), directly or transitively used by the theorem.
* <lib_lemmas>...</lib_lemmas>: Imported library lemmas/theorems that may assist the proof.
* <repo_lemmas>...</repo_lemmas>: Lemmas/theorems defined in the local project outside this file.
* <local_ctx>...</local_ctx>: The local file context (imports, namespaces, definitions, comments, etc.) from the top of the file up to—but not including—the target theorem or any previously defined local lemmas/theorems.
* <target_theorem>...</target_theorem>: The target theorem statement, ending with `:=`.

**Notes**
1. Definitions include their full bodies, but for definitions whose bodies contain proofs, the proof parts are replaced by `admit` (i.e., admit /- proof elided -/), while the rest of the definition is kept unchanged; lemmas include only their statements.
2. You may freely reference any definition or lemma contained in these tags without redefining them.
3. The tags for used definitions and helpful lemmas (used_lib_defs, used_repo_defs, lib_lemmas, repo_lemmas) may be omitted if empty.

### Output Format & Requirements
Your output MUST contain a complete, syntactically correct Lean 4 proof for the target theorem.

**Strict Output Structure:**
<reasoning> 
...
</reasoning> 

<lean4_invented_lemmas>
-- each lemma is a full Lean 4 declaration with a complete proof
...
</lean4_invented_lemmas>

<lean4_proof>
-- Lean 4 proof body of the target theorem
...
</lean4_proof>

**Requirements:**
1. <reasoning> and <lean4_invented_lemmas> are OPTIONAL. Include them only if they aid proof construction.
2. <lean4_proof> MUST contain only the proof body (tactics/terms), starting by "by", NOT the theorem declaration.
3. <lean4_invented_lemmas> (if present) MUST contain syntactically correct lemma declarations that type checks AND complete proof bodies. Defining a lemma using `axiom` is NOT allowed.
4. <reasoning> contains high-level proof planning.
5. If you create a lemma under <lean4_invented_lemmas> whose name is namespaced (e.g., X.Y.Z), you MUST always refer to it using its fully qualified name. Do NOT rely on shortened names. For example, write rw [X.Y.Z], not rw [Z] for invented lemmas.
6. All Lean 4 code MUST be syntactically correct. No `sorry`, `admit`, or non-Lean text. Comments allowed using `--` or `/- ... -/`.
7. Follow the tags and structure EXACTLY. No extra text before, between, or after the sections.
8. Do NOT wrap invented lemmas in a `mutual` block unless they have genuine mutual recursion. Declare each lemma independently.

### Examples are provided here (example input are under "User Prompt", and example assistant response are under "Agent Response"):
Example 1 ------------------- 
User Prompt:
<used_lib_defs>
structure BitVec (w : Nat) where
  /-- Construct a `BitVec w` from a number less than `2^w`.
  O(1), because we use `Fin` as the internal representation of a bitvector. -/
  ofFin ::

  /-- Interpret a bitvector as a number less than `2^w`.
  O(1), because we use `Fin` as the internal representation of a bitvector. -/
  toFin : Fin (hPow 2 w)
</used_lib_defs>

<repo_lemmas>
theorem List.getElem_append_left{α : Type u_1} {l₁ l₂ : List α} {i : Nat} (hn : i < l₁.length) :\n(l₁ ++ l₂)[i] = l₁[i]
</repo_lemmas>

<local_ctx>
import Mathlib.Computability.NFA
import Mathlib.Data.FinEnum
import Mathlib.Data.Rel
import Mathlib.Data.Vector.Basic
import Blase.AutoStructs.ForLean

open Set
open Mathlib
open SetRel

-- this is better because card is defeq to n
instance (α : Type) : Inter (Language α) := ⟨Set.inter⟩
instance (α : Type) : Union (Language α) := ⟨Set.union⟩

/--
The set of `n`-tuples of bit vectors of an arbitrary width.
-/
structure BitVecs (n : Nat) where
  w : Nat
  bvs : List.Vector (BitVec w) n

def BitVecs.cast (bvs : BitVecs n) (h : n = n') : BitVecs n' :=
  { w := bvs.w, bvs := h ▸ bvs.bvs }

abbrev BitVecs.empty : BitVecs n := ⟨0, List.Vector.replicate n .nil⟩
abbrev BitVecs.singleton {w : Nat} (bv : BitVec w) : BitVecs 1 := ⟨w, bv ::ᵥ .nil⟩
abbrev BitVecs.pair {w : Nat} (bv1 bv2 : BitVec w) : BitVecs 2 := ⟨w, bv1 ::ᵥ bv2 ::ᵥ .nil⟩

/--
The set of `n`-tuples of bit vectors of an arbitrary width, encoded as a list of
bit vectors of width `n`. The width of the encoded bit vectors is the length of
the list.
-/
abbrev BitVecs' (n : Nat) := List (BitVec n)

@[simps]
def dec (bvs' : BitVecs' n) : BitVecs n where
  w := bvs'.length
  bvs := List.Vector.ofFn fun k => BitVec.ofFn fun i => bvs'[i].getLsbD k

@[simp]
</local_ctx>

<target_theorem>
lemma dec_snoc n (bvs' : BitVecs' n) (a : BitVec n) :
  dec (bvs' ++ [a]) =
    { w := bvs'.length + 1
      bvs := List.Vector.ofFn fun k =>
        BitVec.cons (a.getLsbD k) ((dec bvs').bvs.get k) } :=
</target_theorem>

Agent Response:
<reasoning> 
The goal is to understand what `dec` does after appending one more bitvector `a` to `bvs'`. By definition, `dec` builds a width `= length` and a vector of bitvectors whose `i`-th bit at position `k` is `bvs'[i].getLsbD k`. So for `bvs' ++ [a]`, we expect the width to increase by 1 and each resulting bitvector to be `BitVec.cons` of the new bit coming from `a`.

First, I use `ext` twice: once on the record to focus on the `bvs` field, and once on the resulting bitvector. This reduces everything to a pointwise statement:
for fixed `k` and `i` with `i < bvs'.length + 1`,
the bit `(bvs' ++ [a])[i].getLsbD k` should match the bit at index `i` of `BitVec.cons (a.getLsbD k) ((dec bvs').bvs.get k)`.

At this point I need a clean description of indexing into `BitVec.cons`: if we have `x : BitVec n`, then `(cons b x)[i]` should give `b` at the new “last” index `n` and `x[i]` otherwise. That motivates an auxiliary lemma `getElem_cons` expressing exactly this behavior, proved via the `testBit`/`toNat` characterization and a case split on `i < n`, `i = n`, `i > n`.

Using `getElem_cons`, the RHS becomes an `if` on whether `i = bvs'.length`. So I split into cases:
- If `i = bvs'.length`, then `(bvs' ++ [a])[i]` is the appended `a`, so both sides reduce to `a.getLsbD k`.
- If `i ≠ bvs'.length`, the bound `i < bvs'.length + 1` forces `i < bvs'.length`. Then `(bvs' ++ [a])[i] = bvs'[i]` by `List.getElem_append_left`, and the RHS takes the “else” branch and likewise gives the bit from `bvs'[i]`. In both subcases, `simp` (plus the definition of `dec`) finishes.

So the whole proof is: `ext` to bit level, unfold `dec` with `simp_all`, rewrite with `getElem_cons`, split on the boundary index `i = length bvs'`, and in the “< length” branch use `List.getElem_append_left` and bounds to line up both sides.
</reasoning> 

<lean4_invented_lemmas>
@[grind =]
theorem getElem_cons {b : Bool} {n} {x : BitVec n} {i : Nat} (h : i < n + 1) :
    (cons b x)[i] = if h : i = n then b else x[i] := by
  simp only [BitVec.getElem_eq_testBit_toNat, BitVec.toNat_cons, Nat.testBit_or]
  rw [Nat.testBit_shiftLeft]
  rcases Nat.lt_trichotomy i n with i_lt_n | i_eq_n | n_lt_i
  · have p1 : ¬(n ≤ i) := by omega
    have p2 : i ≠ n := by omega
    simp [p1, p2]
  · simp only [i_eq_n, ge_iff_le, Nat.le_refl, decide_true, Nat.sub_self, Nat.testBit_zero,
    Bool.true_and, BitVec.testBit_toNat, BitVec.getLsbD_of_ge, Bool.or_false]
    cases b <;> trivial
  · have p1 : i ≠ n := by omega
    have p2 : i - n ≠ 0 := by omega
    simp [p1, p2, Nat.testBit_bool_toNat]
</lean4_invented_lemmas>

<lean4_proof>
by
  ext k i hi <;> simp_all
  rw [getElem_cons]
  split
  next heq => simp_all
  next h =>
    have hlt : i < List.length bvs' := by simp at hi; omega
    rw [List.getElem_append_left hlt]
    simp
</lean4_proof>

### Your task:
<used_lib_defs>
Fin in Init.Prelude
Subspace in Mathlib.Algebra.Module.Submodule.Basic
Set in Mathlib.Data.Set.Defs
Set.Ico in Mathlib.Order.Interval.Set.Defs
Submodule in Mathlib.Algebra.Module.Submodule.Defs
Submodule.span in Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.Span.Defs
Eq in Init.Prelude
id in Init.Prelude
BitVec in Init.Prelude
Nat in Init.Prelude
BitVec.cast in Init.Data.BitVec.Basic
BitVec.extractLsb in Init.Data.BitVec.Basic
Finset in Mathlib.Data.Finset.Defs
Finset.univ in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Defs
List in Init.Prelude
List.finRange in Init.Data.List.FinRange
Polynomial.C in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Basic
Polynomial in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Basic
CommMonoid in Mathlib.Algebra.Group.Defs
Function.Bijective in Mathlib.Logic.Function.Defs
BEq in Init.Prelude
Bool in Init.Prelude
Finset.sum in Mathlib.Algebra.BigOperators.Group.Finset.Defs
Fintype in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Defs
LinearIndependent in Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.LinearIndependent.Defs
Nat.reduceBEq in Lean.Meta.Tactic.Simp.BuiltinSimprocs.Nat
Subtype in Init.Prelude
Subtype.mk in Init.Prelude
Fintype.card in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Card
Module in Mathlib.Algebra.Module.Defs
Module.finrank in Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.Dimension.Finrank
</used_lib_defs>

<used_repo_defs>
def U (i : Fin r) : Subspace 𝔽q L := Submodule.span 𝔽q (β '' (Set.Ico 0 i))

def split {k : ℕ} (h : k > 0) (x : ConcreteBTField k) :
    ConcreteBTField (k - 1) × ConcreteBTField (k - 1) :=
  let lo_bits : BitVec (2 ^ (k - 1) - 1 - 0 + 1) :=
    BitVec.extractLsb (hi := 2 ^ (k - 1) - 1) (lo := 0) x
  let hi_bits : BitVec (2 ^ k - 1 - 2 ^ (k - 1) + 1) :=
    BitVec.extractLsb (hi := 2 ^ k - 1) (lo := 2 ^ (k - 1)) x
  have h_lo : 2 ^ (k - 1) - 1 - 0 + 1 = 2 ^ (k - 1) := by admit /- proof elided -/

instance BitVec.instDCast : DCast Nat BitVec where
  dcast h := BitVec.cast h
  dcast_id := by admit /- proof elided -/

class DCast (α : Sort*) (β : α → Sort*) where
  dcast : ∀ {a a' : α}, a = a' → β a → β a'
  dcast_id : ∀ {a : α}, dcast (Eq.refl a) = id

instance ConcreteBTField.instDCast_local : DCast ℕ ConcreteBTField where
  dcast h_k_eq term_k1 := BitVec.cast (congrArg (fun n => 2 ^ n) h_k_eq) term_k1
  dcast_id := by admit /- proof elided -/

def getBit (k n : Nat) : Nat := (n >>> k) &&& 1

noncomputable def W (i : Fin r) : L[X] :=
  ∏ u : U 𝔽q β i, (X - C u.val)

noncomputable def normalizedW (i : Fin r) : L[X] :=
  C (1 / (W 𝔽q β i).eval (β i)) * W 𝔽q β i
</used_repo_defs>

<lib_lemmas>
Bool.false_eq_true in Init.Data.Bool
Fact.out in Mathlib.Logic.Basic
Finset.mem_univ in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Defs
Finset.sum_congr in Mathlib.Algebra.BigOperators.Group.Finset.Basic
Finset.sum_sub_distrib in Mathlib.Algebra.BigOperators.Group.Finset.Defs
Fintype.bijective_iff_injective_and_card in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.EquivFin
Fintype.card_fin in Mathlib.Data.Fintype.Card
LinearIndependent.comp in Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.LinearIndependent.Defs
Nat.le_of_lt_succ in Init.Prelude
beq_iff_eq in Init.Core
linearIndependent_iff' in Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.LinearIndependent.Defs
one_ne_zero in Mathlib.Algebra.NeZero
sub_eq_zero in Mathlib.Algebra.Group.Basic
sub_smul in Mathlib.Algebra.Module.Defs
sub_zero in Mathlib.Algebra.Group.Basic
zero_ne_one in Mathlib.Algebra.NeZero
Finset.prod_bij in Mathlib.Algebra.BigOperators.Group.Finset.Defs
List.map_map in Init.Data.List.Lemmas
Polynomial.eval_C in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Eval.Defs
Polynomial.eval_X in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Eval.Defs
Polynomial.eval_prod in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Eval.Defs
Polynomial.eval_sub in Mathlib.Algebra.Polynomial.Eval.Defs
</lib_lemmas>

<repo_lemmas>
lemma Xⱼ_zero_eq_one (ℓ : ℕ) (h_ℓ : ℓ ≤ r) :
  Xⱼ 𝔽q β ℓ h_ℓ ⟨0, by exact Nat.two_pow_pos ℓ⟩ = 1

lemma eq_iff_eq_all_getBits {n m : ℕ} : n = m ↔ ∀ k, getBit k n = getBit k m

lemma getBit_of_lt_two_pow {n: ℕ} (a: Fin (2^n)) (k: ℕ) :
  getBit k a = if k < n then getBit k a else 0

lemma getBit_eq_testBit (k n : Nat) : getBit k n = if n.testBit k then 1 else 0

lemma getBit_lt_2 {k n : Nat} : getBit k n < 2

lemma U_card (i : Fin r) :
    Fintype.card (U 𝔽q β i) = (Fintype.card 𝔽q)^i.val

omit [Fintype L] [Fintype 𝔽q] h_Fq_char_prime in
lemma finrank_U (i : Fin r) :
  Module.finrank 𝔽q (U 𝔽q β i) = i
</repo_lemmas>

<local_ctx>
import ArkLib.Data.FieldTheory.AdditiveNTT.AdditiveNTT

import ArkLib.Data.FieldTheory.BinaryField.Tower.Impl

namespace AdditiveNTT

open ConcreteBinaryTower

section HelperFunctions

end HelperFunctions

variable {r : ℕ} [NeZero r]

variable {L : Type} [Field L] [Fintype L] [DecidableEq L]

variable {𝔽q : Type} [Field 𝔽q] [Fintype 𝔽q] [DecidableEq 𝔽q]

variable [hFq_card : Fact (Fintype.card 𝔽q = 2)]

variable [h_Fq_char_prime : Fact (Nat.Prime (ringChar 𝔽q))]

variable [Algebra 𝔽q L]

variable (β : Fin r → L) [hβ_lin_indep : Fact (LinearIndependent 𝔽q β)]

variable [h_β₀_eq_1 : Fact (β 0 = 1)]

section Algorithm

variable {ℓ R_rate : ℕ} (h_ℓ_add_R_rate : ℓ + R_rate < r)-- ℓ ∈ {1, ..., r-1}

def bitsToU (i : Fin r) (k : Fin (2 ^ i.val)) :
    AdditiveNTT.U (L := L) (𝔽q := 𝔽q) (β := β) i :=
  let val := (Finset.univ : Finset (Fin i)).sum fun j =>
    if (Nat.getBit (n := k.val) (k := j.val) == 1) then
      β ⟨j, by admit /- proof elided -/
      ⟩
    else 0

  
  ⟨val, by admit /- proof elided -/
  ⟩

def getUElements (i : Fin r) : List L :=
  (List.finRange (2^i.val)).map fun k =>
    (Finset.univ : Finset (Fin i)).sum fun j =>
      if Nat.getBit (n := k.val) (k := j.val) == 1 then
        β ⟨j.val, by admit /- proof elided -/
        ⟩
      else 0

def evalWAt (i : Fin r) (x : L) : L :=
  ((getUElements (β := β) (ℓ := ℓ) (R_rate := R_rate) i).map (fun u => x - u)).prod
</local_ctx>

<target_theorem>
theorem evalWAt_eq_W (i : Fin r) (x : L) :
  evalWAt (β := β) (ℓ := ℓ) (R_rate := R_rate) (i := i) x =
    (W (𝔽q := 𝔽q) (β := β) (i := i)).eval x :=
</target_theorem>

